Global governance play in globalisation

orbicular g everywherenance fiting period in sphericalisation sphericization is seen as a universal depart in the lives of mountain either positively or negatively. In this essay I will start by specify planetaryization from different perspectives. As in the argument of some critics, globularisation has benefits as sanitary as limitations, Therefore it is necessary to look at those advantages and shortcomings. A nonher important aspect is the theory of out(a)side(a) dealing and globalisation. to each one of this theory emphasise on magnate but has different notions to its meaning. However, utilisation index number via globalization is seen as a ch eachenge in the outside(a) relations theories today.Further much, organizations of global governance play different case in globalization as to what they be specialized in and kn make for. legal age of these institutions ar primed(p) to strive their roles despite challenges. These institutions ar so big that t hey give the axenot be exhausted. Therefore, in this essay I will emphasis on the unite acress Organization. It is an institution with several(prenominal) agencies. These agencies atomic number 18 not liable to the get together Nations Organization in terms their subsequent activities. But they be seen as part of the united Nations. Therefore, role that these agencies play in globalization is what i will also array in this essay.Moreover, the Millennium solution determined to achieve to ten objectives by 2015.The principal objective is halving outlandish pauperization by 2015 and globalization is seen as a tool to which they will achieve their aim. How they intend carrying out this task is what i will also discuss in this essay. That is strategies used and how it was implemented .Finally, this essay will be reason out by summarising the whole point and To start with, globalization, as argued in nates Baylis and Steve metal modeler (200114), is delimit in five diffe rent substances, as world(prenominal)ization which connotes the coexistence and reliance on two or more weighries. other is liberalization defined as the freedom of switch over without governments restriction.Universalization which bath be understood as the disperse of knowledge to the world.Westernization is portrayed as the American opinion of implementing globalization and lastly Deterrritorialization is sight as transposition for geography that is territorial area, outer space and boarders.Furthermore, globalization can also be understood as the intensification of favorable worldwide relations that connect topical anaestheticities from distant in a way that the happenings in the locals are modified by events occurring at distance of miles supranational and vice versa. In other words, it is a process of amalgamating peoples of the world into a unified state.( tush Baylis and Steve smith 200115)In sum, globalisation can be defined as an economic, social, and politic al developed world that has effect on the peoples and societies loosely in the underdeveloped and third world. These latter world has benefited positively and negatively from the events initiated by the developed world. Such benefits includes communication that is the world wide web, tuner trans billing, satellite communication, television communication, global in the rawspapers, which has do communication easy and conciliative for people.. likewise the global franchise Pepsi, Guinness, Pizza Hut and the global economy as hygienicspring as global disease much(prenominal) as AIDS, Kidney Failure, crab louse ,Etc. They are all features of globalisation. seat Baylis and Steve Smith (200114-16)However, as argued in John Baylis and Steve Smith (200119), globalisation has advantages and disadvantages In term of its benefit to the world .It has made the ease of communication stress less and affordable. For instance internet entryway allows instant message rather that posting whi ch take more than cardinal four hours. Also the electronic mass media communication such as radio, television, telephone communication etc has allowed easy access to information and as healthful as relating to people within and far away. The economy body is seen as a benefit in globalization, treat and finance are expanding. immaterial currencies like the US dollar, in Euro, Yen, are use all over the world planetary and in the local countries to purchase goods .Global goal allows interrelation among people from different part of the world to appreciate one and the others culture and religious which avoids cultural and religious crisis.Moreover, in the argument of John Baylis and Steve Smith (200119).Though globalisation has benefitted the world in enormous shipway there are limitations to what it posses. Globalisation seems to be limited to the world it was invented. Other societies that are not in the developed world are excuse back date in terms of communication, econom y and culture. This is as a result where ethnic and religious crises are still very common.Furthermore, it is also argued that there are limited companies from different part of the world in the world-wide mass economy where different countries merge as a company to trade world-widely, but these are rather done within a special(a) verdant. That is the global economy trade, investment as headspring as monetary flow which are within iii continents Europe, North America and Asia.(John Baylis and Steve Smith 2001However, in the planetary relations theory globalization does not make a transformation of the international system. It represents an adaptation of the means through which international interactions are exercised, combined with an emergence in the number and types of actors. Therefore, one can know that globalization exist and matters as part of the mental synthesis of international relation be example of the effects that it produces. A close look at these effects demonstrates that globalization is neither as independent nor causal phenomenon. Rather, globalization is scoop understood as a technology facilitated proliferation of the means through which part within the international system is channelled and pursued. What makes globalization a unsanded, and essential, component of the contemporaneous international security are the increasingly multiform conditions under which international actors exercise power. (security conversation 2004 11)The classical snuggle to the study of international relations, realism, focuses on the nation-state as a barrier between the international system and the domestic help sphere of politics. Domestic politics are seen as separated from the international system, which is characterised as anarchy or the absence of roam. Realists focus on the nation-state especially the military and economic capabilities and seek to maximize power toward this end. (Security Dialogue 2004 11) give tongue to must ensure that they can provide for their military and economic safety, and they cannot count on the goodwill of others. Institutions such as international law and statuesque international organisations might be useful as tools but they are not to be relied upon for security guarantees. (Mearsheimer 1995). To realists, globalization reflects the hegemonic influence of the major powers in international politics. Realists tend to see proximity creating vulnenerability, which leads to conflict (Waltz, 1979 Measheimer, 2001)It is therefore argued that globalization, is more complicated than the realist theory alone can account for. That is if globalization is mensural as the acceleration of transboundary communication, international networks, the diffusion of power, reciprocity and mutual dependence, and the enlargement of universal norms and principles, a different conclusion about contemporary international politics emerges. This trend combined with the proliferation of non state actors such as the conventional international governing remains, nongovernmental constitution, and multinational co mathematical operation to alter the playing report of international relations.(Security Dialogue 2004 12)Neoliberal institution focuses on the unique conditions of globalization that reflect accelerating interdependency and its impact on how state perceive their interests(Keohane, 2002).In a condition of complex interdependence, state will recognize a mutual demand for cooperation, and new actors will emerge that affect international agenda ground bandage power becomes more diffused. Traditional measurement of power such as military capabilities will become less valuable to states as they order long term benefits from cooperation over short term tactical advantages(Keohane and Nye, 2001) In recognizing a state based interest in collectively managing a globalized world, states seeks to reduce coordination problems, to establish agreed principles, norms, rules and deci sion making procedures, to facilitate transparency, to increase the capacity for bargaining and hold out-linkage ,to nurture socialization toward an international community, and to lower the action costs of collective action.(security dialogue 200412)Another major school of international relations theory, constructivism, draws on social theory of human interaction and posits that the structure and content of international relation are the by-products of social interaction (Wendt, 1994). In this sense, not all states are alike, rather states reflect the social structures slightly which their peoples coalesce. Just as the domestic content of politics and culture shapes the identity element of nation state, so does the nation state simultaneously shape the international environment (Wendt, 1999).The major paradigms of international relations provide an important land for examining the relationship between globalization and security. Realists demonstrate that power matters and tha t there anticipate some key common goods that only the nation state can supply though realist are challenged to think harder about hoe power matters and how best to understand the new realities of global politics(Brown, 1998). The neoliberal institutionalist school shows that international system is increasingly complex and that states alone cannot fully provide for their own security. Neoliberals are, nevertheless, challenged to demonstrate exactly how cooperation can best be achieved Constructivist remind observers that inter-national relations are a battle not conscionable power, interests, and agenda setting but also of ideas. The magnificence of material economic gains and hegemony only incur meaning in so far as they are ideas minded(p) up to people and societies. Consequently, people and societies have power to seek positive or negative change for the future of globalization.(security dialogue13)From these theoretical approaches to international relations, it is assert able to delineate between the risk and opportunities that globalization provides for security provision. Realism suggests that globalization will breed suspicion, vulnerability conflict because the more interdependent people and state become, the more insecure they will be(Waltz1979)Realism also suggests that the content of globalization reflects the relative distribution of power and favours the dominant international actors.(Security dialogue 2004 Alternatively, neoliberal institutionalism proceeds from basic optimism that managing globalization requires multilateral cooperation and states will define their quest for power in terms of mutual gains. Constructivist help observers recall the importance of identity and reinforce the fact that, while states matter, so does culture.(Huntington)These major theories of international relations share an emphasis on the role of power though each comes to different conclusions as to its meaning and consequences. Each analytical approach helps students, scholars, and policy makers to understand that the quest for power holds within it the potential for both(prenominal) security and insecurity, for both war and relaxation. Understanding the new means of excercing power via globalization is thus one of the most fundamental challenges for international relations theory today (Security Dialogue 200413)However, the institutions of global governance play several roles in globalization. The coupled Nations system of rules is one of other institutions with several agencies. Therefore, since the United Nations comprises of several agencies. These agencies are not liable to the United Nation in terms of the cabinet or congress.. They are independent of their roles. They are divide into separate regions which include, The United Nations Programme and Office, United Nations Regional Commission, United Nations specialize agencies, and the Related Organization.However, the United Nations Programme and Office has the largest numb er of agencies in which fewer will be mentioned as well as the role they play in globalization. They are supranational Trade Center, United Nations Programmehuman immunodeficiency virus/AIDS,United Nations Childrens inventory, United Nations fostering stemma for Women, United Nations reading Programme, United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations lofty Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, United Nations Human Settlements Programme, United Nations play for Disarmament Research, United Nations make for Training and Research, United Nations Interregional Crime and arbitrator Research Institute, United Nations Office for Project Services, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, United Nations Population Fund, United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine, just to mention a few.(United Nations today 200812)The United Nations Development Fund for women is an organization battle for women rights in all perspective. It pr otest against discrimination, rage, gender inequality and volunteer women right to inheritance, work, voice etc. Its chief(prenominal) role includes ending violence against women which is a situation to prevent women from being molested, rape, or beaten up as well as trafficked crossways borders. In achieving this they work across multiple levels and sectors as well as including men as partners in enhancing community ownership. The function is also trying to eradicate the spread of human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS among women, in collaboration with the National AIDS Council and Ministries which ensures women access to drugs in order to continue to live healthy.(United Nations Development bills 1-5)The United Nations Childrens Funds is an organization mainly for children globally. This agency ensures that the well being of children are throw up to check. Its role basically is to prevent a child from violence, discrimination, scantness, diseases and so on. In achieving their aim they work in collaboration with other agencies like the Global Movement for Children which is dedicated to improving the life of every child as well as promoting education, equal right for children, and prevent the spread of disease.(United Nation Children Funds 20081)In the United Nations High commission for Refugee, which is a global organization that has its headquarters in continents like Africa, Asia, Europe, America etc. It ensures that the well being of individual are protected locally and internationally. They include the refugees, men, women, honest-to-god people, asylum seekers etc. As part of their role they raise capital from different organization like the None Governmental organization, Private sectors, individual Citizens, and also in collaboration with the United Nations for certain amount of human-centered funding. This helps in terms of achieving their goals. They respond to emergency worldwide where there exists inner war, earthquakes etc. They also see to the right of asylum seekers are observed and not overlooked.(United Nations High commission for Refugee 2001-2009)The United Nations population Fund is an organization that ensure the well being as well the rights of individual are protected. Her role involves alleviation of global exiguity, prevention of diseases such as HIV/AIDS, equal opportunity among citizens of the country, and healthy living. They also ensure abortion is amaze to stop and save every birth. They also assist countries in the collection of data and population analysis which enable government of a country to take account of the need of future generations, as well as the present. Ensure gender equality among both sex in which women has a major role in which involves good education and health. This enables families, communities as well as the countries benefits from. (United Nations Population Funds 2008)The United Nations Development Programmes is a global agency under the United Nations. They assist citizens of different countries in construct a better life. They also help to build and share consequence to the challenge of democratic governance for instance on the 17th of November 2009 they back up the government of Bangladesh to sustain and build on the achievements of the last decade and to dwell on track to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, also obliteration of beggary, and preventing crisis recovery as well as HIV/AIDS.(UNDP)World feed Programme is a global organization whose role involve fighting against hunger world wide, saving the lives of victims at war, civil conflicts and natural disasters. It is a voluntary funded organization and also part of the United Nations. They also work in collaboration with the Food Agriculture Organization (FAO), global Fund for Agricultural Development as well as Non Governmental Organization. Their main aim is to save lives and protect livelihood in emergencies, prepare for emergency, resort and rebuild lives, reduce hunger as wel l as to chant the capacity of countries to reduce hunger (World Food Programme 2009)Another conference of agencies under the United Nation is the specialised agencies, which includes, the international Labour Organization, International Monetary Fund, Food and Agricultural Organization, International Maritime Organization, United Nations educational ,Scientific and cultural Organization, World Health organization, International Telecommunication Union, World happy Property Organization, World Tourism Organization, among others.The International Labour Organization nurture right to work, encourage decent employment opportunities, enhance social defense and strengthen dialogue in handling work related issues The organization helps in the creation of decent jobs. It is a global body creditworthy for drawing up and overseeing international labour standards as well as working with its member state which includes Albania, Algeria, Angola, Azerbaijan, Bah ran, Belgium, Bolivia, Canada , Chad, Columbia, the Congo, Ghana, Greece, Lebanon, Kuwait, Liberia, just to mention a few. To the International Labour Organization Poverty eradication is by ensuring that employment is in stock(predicate) to all. (International Labour Organization 1996-2009)The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural organization is designed to promote international cooperation among its member states and six associates members in the field of education, science, culture and communication. Its role is to ensure and observe human rights, mutual assess as well as beggary eradication (UNESCO 1995-2009).The international telecommunication Union is an information and communication organization where both the governments and the private sectors enhance networks and services. Its role has been global use of the radio spectrum, promotion of international cooperation in assigning satellite orbit. It address the issue of global challenges which is the climate change as well as enhancing cybe r security This agency organise worldwide, regional exhibition and forums, such as the International Telecommunication World, as well as linking together representatives of governments and the telecommunications including international telecommunication Industry to have exchange of ideas, knowledge, and technology for the benefit of the global community and in limited the underdeveloped world (ITU 2009)The related organizations include, International Atomic Energy Agency, Organization for the restriction of Chemical Weapons, Preparatory committee for the Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty Organization, and World Trade Organization.The International Atomic Energy Agency is a worlds atomic peace organization. They are in collaboration with their member states as well as other partners globally in order to ensure safety, security, and dispassionate thermo thermonuclear technology. It is an independent international organization related to the United Nations system. These relationships are c orrect by special agreement. Their role is to ensure that safe nuclear materials and activities are not used for military purpose. As part of its role, it helps countries in enhancing nuclear safety and security and to prepare for and respond to emergency as well as mobilizing peaceful applications of nuclear science and technology (IAEA 2003-2009)The organization in charge of prohibition of chemic weapon is body responsible for carrying out chemical weapons convention. It has been given the task to achieving its objectives. This is to making sure that the provision and that of international verification is carried out. The destruction of chemical weapons is seen as the conventions highest budget. The proceeds from the state-of-art technology is its major source income in destroying chemical weapons and minimizing the risk of people and the environment at every level and that of transportation and supply of ammunitions.States protect their citizens because of these dreadful and pr ecarious weapons. They now concentrate on the practical use of chemical weapons for peaceful and capacity buildings. Program funded by member state is also given aid in order for the organization to cleanse the implementation of chemical weapons to all for peaceful purpose and restricting its prohibition. (OPWC)The United Nations main role is to ensure that the well being of the people are under control. Also to prevent wars among states, and the need of people are met globally especially in the underdeveloped world . As in the argument in John Baylis and Steve Smith (2001332). Poverty is seen as a global issue not just in the underdeveloped world. As in the argument of commiseration Lister (20041) deep poverty is not just a phenomenon of the global South but exists also within the affluent North. Therefore, another major aspect in this essay is the role of United Nations as an institution of global governance and the impact of globalization to reduce rural poverty?The Millennium D eclaration summit of which 191 countries are members, made rural poverty reduction as their main objective to be met by the course of instruction 2015.The Secretary General of this Summit lay emphasis on globalization as the tool that will be used in order to meet the need of the poor.(United Nation 2001).Therefore, in achieving their aim the role of the United Nations as well as other agencies are of great importance. Suggestions in admitting other agencies were acknowledge and approved by the ACC in October 2001.which was formulated by the United Nations Development Group. Among these agencies are the UNFPA, United Nation Childrens Education Fund (UNICEF) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) World Health Organization (WHO), UNCDP, UNESCO, just to mention a few. As in the argument of the (United Nations 2001).Furthermore, it is argued that United Nations Programme in addressing the issue of poverty reduction is a challenging issue. Agencies mentioned above had roles to play in one way or the other. Though, some role could be of major benefit than the other. As the suggestion made by the Millennium Declaration Goals that globalization is a means or tool in fighting against rural poverty is to be met therefore, globalization based good and services, monetary economic, social as well as global ordinary goods should be seen as benefits in the rural poor through enhanced governance system .(United Nations 200110)Moreover, the United Nations major role as an impact of globalization in poverty reduction is argued to be guided in three different levels. These levels includes the international, regional and the local level. They are said to be in cooperation with one and the other. It is further argued that each of this level has important role to play in actualizing the aim of the programme, which is the coming together of the United Nations, the Private and public sectors the civil society as w ell as the poverty group(United Nations just about of the plans established in accelerating globalization/poverty reduction will focus on improve Governance correlating with PRSPs and UNDAF an institution to reform and liberalize mart programmes for the welfare and protection of the poor. Linked programme for a national ICTD with greater focus on satisfying issues and bringing together the rural and urban. exportation of crops in the rural area by enhancing its information system. Establish a procedure that will add value in rural production. United NationsAmong the programmes set up for local poverty reduction are the local awareness programme on availability of goods and services for rural poverty reduction. Establishment of interest point for the community, aid for local governance and change integrity into various offices to attend to different poverty groups to global public goods- health, education etc.The quickening of Information Communication Development Technology (ICTD) for various poverty groups will create awareness and tools for information sharing device tools, improve agricultural tools and move to improve productivity akin to socially irritable local globalization /poverty reduction programme.(United NationsThe procedure of UN system in dealing with globalization and alleviation of poverty at all levels is on ground and can be used to determine the strategy for the new globalization/poverty alleviation model. The procedures considered range from providing an avenue for debate and interchange that include the intergovernmental processes, expert group meetings open debate, meetings prepared for major global summits (prepcoms) and various events like the joint session with the G-77, South-South forum. These are primarily pose through the UN secretariat (especially UNDESA), funds and programme (especially UNDP) and a special agency (especially World Bank Group) which is part of their activities and provide the most important voice of the UN s ystem to views and approaches emerging. The extent of debate at which globalization rural poverty reduction is discussed varies and depends on the nature of the division and agency.(United NationsThe UN pays little attention to particular issues on globalization as a factor in rural poverty reduction despite the much discussion on globalization. Another branch is the research studies, statistics and seminars in different publications. The UN provides an enormous technical studies and relevant statistics to almost all the branches of globalization- poverty reduction debate. With the exception of examples given below- the mission of rural poverty alleviation is almost neglected. Other worth mentioning body in this regard are the UN research system and Training Institute that include INSTRAW (rural women and globalization) UNITAR (Globalization issues on how UN system will cope) UNRISD (social impact of globalization) have all produced much important studies to the globalization/povert y reduction debate.Nevertheless, defining the cause in stance on globalization and rural poverty reduction has been defeated by the UN plan with the exception of the World Bank, UNCTAD and UNDP- but still focus on the wider globalization agenda. This view however, is of significant to developing an employed approach and adopting a more socially, acceptable and human form of globalization that will build specific provisions for the nations exempted through different mechanisms such as the WTO, trade negotiations, finance for development, PRSPs etc.Field level operation of Funds, Progarammes and Specialized Agencies. These have many parts covering many forms of intercession that can always target poverty alleviation. The traditional areas include state project activities to yield capacity building, Seminars, Workshops Fellowship Infrastructural developmentThe implementation of an organise approach to globalization/poverty alleviation is the UN system policy in the field under the UNDAF system. The World Bank via the PRSPs is helping to coordinate the UN system in the field.Finally, globalization as it is defined is a wide and spacious phenomenon that has so much to do and achieve. Considering its characteristics and its functions, it has in one many ways achieve enormously. Moreover, in terms of how the international relations theory and globalization